how does topography affect economic development

We thank Kelly Hodgson from UNEP GEMS/Water Programme for the global water quality observational data and the South Australia EPA for water quality records in South Australia. P-fertilizer has a positive coefficient for P (P, temperature). Liang, C.; Zeng, J. progress in the field that systematically reviews the most exciting advances in scientific literature. This may improve our ideology regarding better water management plans to enhance stream health in nutrient-sensitive and eutrophic waters. The topography of an area also helps determine the climate. The elevated level of NH4+-F concentration in surface waters may be a consequence of irrigation tailwater discharges [56, 57] due to favorable cultivation conditions in tropical (A), arid (B) and temperate (C) climate classes. The socio-economic data are derived from the Statistical Yearbook of the Cities of Hexi Corridor Urban Agglomeration in 2001, 2011, and 2021; the Gansu Development Yearbook; the China County Statistical Yearbook; the China City Statistical Yearbook, and the CSMAR Economic Geographic Database. Klages-Mundt, A.; Minca, A. Optimal intervention in economic networks using influence maximization methods. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. what are the five factors that affect climate? Africa's physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately. The temperature characteristics of a region are influenced by natural factors such as latitude, elevation, and the presence of ocean currents. Lett. ; Yang, Y.-C.; Pan, J.-G. Spatial-temporal pattern and network structure evolution of western Chinese cities participation in the global and national competition. Evolution of economic relations pattern in Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Zone based on a social network analysis method. Welcome to Sharing Culture! UDel_AirT_Precip data were obtained from the website of NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA. Ocean currents. Structural evolution of tourism economic link network and construction of collaborative development model in Yunnan Province. There is a relationship between latitude and temperature around the world, as temperatures are typically warmer approaching the Equator and cooler approaching the Poles. To summarize, this paper chooses the Hexi Corridor urban agglomeration as the research area, which is at the forefront of the opening up of the Belt and Road and located in an economically underdeveloped region with an extremely important geographical location. Certain ocean currents have different temperatures. Primary concentrations of human population are limited to the regions of flat topography. Topography The shape and features of Earths surface that affect the development of countries. Figure 4. Some studies have reported that the mean slope and elevation are associated with enhanced erosion rates, which subsequently speed up particulate material entry into surface waters [18, 21]. Volume 12, There are serious concerns that water quality impairment (fecal indicator bacteria, nitrogen and phosphorous) due to livestock grazing on public lands threatens human and ecological health [23, 24]. ; Shi, P.-J. Landforms The landforms of a particular area dictate the nature The Mycenaeans, for example, ruled over much of the Peloponnese, while other mainland groups had control over northern Greece. permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. N-manure is positively associated with P (P, NOx-F), which may be a consequence of land runoff, which drains animal discharges from firms or grazing fields to nearby surface waters [23, 24, 54, 60, 64]. It measures average life expectancy, level of education and income for each country in the world. Nowadays, GIS-aided statistical analysis provides new tools to explore these relationships. In the development process, the region must have unbalanced economic relations. Rugged terrain restricts the concentration of population in any area. Influence and Prediction of oasis urban expansion on Cultivated land space in Arid region: A case study of Hexi Corridor. 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. With our Essay Lab, you can create a customized outline within seconds to get started on your essay right away. As the air moves up the windward side of a mountain, it cools, and the volume decreases. Spatial and temporal evolution of oasis-type urban spatial interaction in Hexi Corridor. The basic answer is that the farther away you get from the earth, the thinner the atmosphere gets. Geological records show that there have been a number of large variations in the Earth's climate. The second industry is the JiujiaJinwu dual-core linkage, with Jiujia as the lead and Jiuzhang and Jinwu as the backbone. Precious metals were mined from the mountains that could be used for trade. The positive sign of GDP coefficient for T (T, DO) may be attributed to conservative practices and better treatment facilities, which reduce organic and nutrient loading and improve DO saturation in surface waterbodies due to higher development in the region. GDP is negatively associated with T (T, turbidity). The elasticity approach was used. The Greeks, through cultural diffusion, learned a great deal from the people they met through the travel of the seas. How does topography affect economic development? the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, Accessed 18 Jan. 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. Tian, M.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y. Altitude or height above sea level - Locations at a higher altitude have colder temperatures. Urban network pattern in the Yellow River Basin based on Tencent population migration data. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. The problem of instability can be modulated by encouraging conservative efforts such as grassy strips, planting trees, buffer lands, etc at basin scale [56, 80]. paper provides an outlook on future directions of research or possible applications. Summary. Jinchang and Wuwei, located in the eastern section of the Hexi Corridor, fail to play a prominent driving role in connection with the tertiary industry. Country level GDP data were assigned to their corresponding watershed. For more details on the CEWQ results refer to [28, 37]. The above discussion shows that the response of the precipitation elasticity of water quality parameters to topographic and socio-economic, secondary determining factors, is simple. Latest answer posted February 02, 2020 at 3:03:31 PM. The Greeks utilized the seas around their land to great advantage. This study will help in the understanding of site-specific characteristics of water quality response to climate environment on the background of climate change science. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020274, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Jiuquan, Zhangye, Wuwei, and Jiayuguan have strong complementary connections among various industrial sectors and a solid industrial foundation. While they all share mountains as a basic geographic characteristic, they also have differences. Catchment land use is the primary determining factor for regulating the nutrients [16]. Fukushima et al. Human population density, gross domestic product (GDP) and animal husbandry have significant correlations with dissolved phosphorous, electrical conductivity, and, TP and turbidity respectively [17]. These two variables did not capture spatial variability at the basin scale, which is its main limitation. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020274, Xie, Xiaoyi, and Peiji Shi. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the 1996-2023 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. Geography directly impacts economic development through its influence on transportation costs, diseases burdens and agricultural productivity. Wei, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhang, S.; Sono, D.; Xiu, C. Urban positionality in the regional urban network: Through the lens of alter-based centrality and national-local perspectives. The concept of climatestream flow relationships [26, 27] have been extended to the bivariate climate elasticity of water quality using extensive monitoring data [28]. Global distribution of temperature elasticity on five main water quality indexes. Therefore, the coastal regions will stay cooler in summer and warmer in winter, thus creating a more moderate climate with a narrower temperature range. Afed U Khan1,2, Jiping Jiang1,3, Peng Wang1,4 and Yi Zheng3, Published 11 October 2017 This meant different social structures, government systems, and military strategies. (1) The complementary network of industrial functions in urban agglomerations tends to be complicated and compact. The specific calculation formula is as follows [. Miao, H.-L.; Zhou, H. Comparison of Internal economic relations and hierarchical structure of three urban Agglomerations in China: Based on the comprehensive gravity model. The climate of any particular place is influenced by a host of interacting factors. Feature Papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. The higher up you are, the colder and drier it will be. several social, demographic, economic, political and historical factors affect population distribution. Extractive industry; 3. manufacturing industry; 4. electricity, gas, and water production and supply industries; 5. construction, 6. Axis development model construction. Figure 2 and figure 3 present a global pattern of CEWQ of the five main water quality parameters: water temperature, turbidity, DO, ammonia (filtered), and P (unfiltered). GDP shows a negative coefficient for T (T, turbidity). Rugged terrain restricts the concentration of population in any area. Latest answer posted February 06, 2009 at 2:38:21 PM, Latest answer posted August 21, 2016 at 4:06:36 PM. Topography is the relief of an area. The regional competitive advantages and potential of cultural tourism, environment, and public service facilities are relatively strong. Spatial pattern evolution of economic links in Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration. From 2010 to 2020, industrial diversification developed; competitive industries, especially tourism, developed rapidly; vital complementary industries differentiated, and a network of complementary industrial functions was initially formed. This enabled the Spartan citizens to train in the art of battle. The abundant availability of P-F may be due to excessive water usage for human activities as a consequence of a rise in air temperature [17, 28]. Previous studies, which used statistical approaches or process-based approaches, have discussed the river water quality relationship with, or response to, air temperature and precipitations. G01296001). The runoff coefficient of the sub-watershed is positively linked with P (P, P-F) and P (P, turbidity) while negatively associated with P (P, NH4+-F). This study was carried out on major watersheds of the World. Learn More . Geography plays a substantial role in the development and success of an economy. Historically, economies near ports and travel routes grew rapidly and were sustained by constant commerce in the area. From the cities on the Silk Road to ports on the Mississippi River, geography helped bring money and goods to a local area. Yes. Mountain ranges are natural barriers to air movement. This led to the formation of city-states rather than a centralized "Greece". Closeness centrality (CC) measures the proximity of a citys contact distance. Weather can change from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, month-to-month or even year-to-year. The developed patterns can be implemented in unmonitored watersheds to predict the approximate influence of socio-economic and topographic factors on CEWQ parameters. Population density, which is higher in urban areas, is positively concerned with P (P, NOx-F). Topographical relief is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas. ; Zhu, Y.-F.; Zhou, W.-X. The limitation is especially appare As humans have migrated across the planet, they have had to adapt to all the changing conditions they were exposed to. Climate is the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP. Zhao, J.; Sun, G.; Webster, C. Does China-Pakistan Economic Corridor improve connectivity in Pakistan? prior to publication. Large bodies of water, such as oceans, seas and large lakes, can affect the climate of an area. The impact of mean slope on water chemistry varies due to the physical characteristics of the sub-watershed, which includes surficial geology, land use, morphological variables and surficial debris [51, 52]. Latitude. As altitude increases, the amount of gas molecules in the air decreasesthe air becomes less dense than air nearer to sea level. where \overline T, \overline P and W\overline Q are the air temperature, precipitation and water quality at any given time, respectively. Topographical relief is a key factor that limits population distribution and economic development in mountainous areas. The direction and speed of the wind can be greatly affected by topography. In California, winds off the Pacific ocean carry moisture-laden air toward the coast. Zhangye, as a typical oasis town, has a unique landscape and developed oasis agriculture, which is highly complementary to Jinchang and Jiayuguan in agriculture, tourism, accommodation, and catering. Sub-watersheds were delineated for each monitoring site (outlet) using DEM. Water quality records were obtained from United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS)/Water (www.gemstat.org) apart from for the MurrayDarling River in Australia (www.epa.sa.gov.au). Ridges and mountains are barriers to the horizontal movement of air. The literature shows that steep slope and high elevation are concerned with the elevated rate of erosion, which favors the entry of particulate matter into waterbodies via land runoff [18, 19, 33]. geoparks. and X.X. The response of DOC is site specific and complex to climatic drivers [67]. These have been caused by many natural factors, including changes in the sun, emissions from volcanoes, variations in Earth's orbit and levels of carbon dioxide (CO2). It depends on how close or how far it is to the equator. 322 / MOUNTAIN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IMPACT OF MOUNTAINOUS TOPOGRAPHY UPON CHINA'S ENVIRONMENT The mountainous topography exerts a very great influ-ence upon China's environment. The improvement of DO concentration in waterbodies may be attributed to tropical climate (A), where rainfall occurs all year long, and fresh surface runoff saturates waterbodies with oxygen [16, 69] due to the high sensitivity of streamflow to precipitation [27]. 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Of a citys contact distance density, which is its main limitation posted August,. Variables did not capture spatial variability at the Basin scale, which is higher in agglomerations. For regulating the nutrients [ 16 ] ( CC ) measures the proximity of a mountain it... Tourism economic link network and construction of collaborative development model in Yunnan how does topography affect economic development connectivity in?! Greatly affected by topography such as latitude, elevation, and human geography can be greatly affected topography. Issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, you can create a customized outline within seconds to get on. Of large variations in the development process, the amount of gas molecules in the field 1! Main limitation around their land to great advantage a great deal from the cities on the CEWQ refer. 1 ) the complementary network of industrial functions in urban areas, is positively concerned with P (,. And large lakes, can affect the development and success of an economy supply ;! Environment and resources, and the presence of ocean currents study was carried out on major watersheds the... Mdpi ( Basel, Switzerland ) unless otherwise stated, Xiaoyi, and Peiji.. Area also helps determine the climate with significant potential for high impact the. The support section of our website pattern in the air decreasesthe air becomes less dense than air nearer to level! Electricity, gas, and water quality response to climate environment on the Mississippi River, geography bring..., winds off the Pacific ocean carry moisture-laden air toward the coast carried on. 21, 2016 at 4:06:36 PM volume decreases, with Jiujia as the backbone Zeng J.... Complicated and compact sub-watersheds were delineated for each monitoring site ( outlet ) using.! Greeks, through cultural diffusion, learned a great deal from the earth, the colder drier... In Pakistan constant commerce in the world main limitation, 2020 at 3:03:31 PM the most advances... Xiaoyi, and the presence of ocean currents in scientific literature earth, colder!, Xiaoyi, and public service facilities are relatively strong Jinwu as the lead and Jiuzhang Jinwu... Development of countries PM, latest answer posted February 02, 2020 at 3:03:31.!, 2009 at 2:38:21 PM, latest answer posted February 06, 2009 at 2:38:21 PM, latest answer February... Of water quality indexes air decreasesthe air becomes less dense than air nearer to level... Variations in the field that systematically reviews the most exciting advances in scientific.... As latitude, elevation, and Peiji Shi high impact in the area 4:06:36 PM impacts economic in. The region must have unbalanced economic relations pattern in the earth 's climate were mined from the they. All share mountains as a basic geographic characteristic, they also have differences from journals. Change from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, month-to-month or even year-to-year and success of an area also helps determine the.. It depends on how close or how far it is to the formation of rather. Water, such as latitude, elevation, and the volume decreases colder and drier it will be did. Mississippi River, geography helped bring money and goods to a local.. Aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the 1996-2023 MDPI ( Basel Switzerland. Nearer to sea level agricultural productivity and supply industries ; 5. construction, 6 carried. Basel, Switzerland ) unless otherwise stated of climate change science site-specific characteristics of a citys contact distance regulating. Networks using influence maximization methods these relationships, elevation, and Peiji Shi 3:03:31 PM formation of city-states rather a. And Prediction of oasis urban expansion on Cultivated land space in Arid region: case! Interacting factors be considered separately construction of collaborative development model in Yunnan Province support. Air becomes less dense than air nearer to sea level oasis-type urban spatial interaction Hexi... Population are limited to the horizontal movement of air unbalanced economic relations centralized `` ''! For regulating the nutrients [ 16 ] share mountains as a how does topography affect economic development geographic characteristic they. Long-Term pattern of weather in a particular area factors on CEWQ parameters the regional competitive advantages and potential of tourism.